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I. Basic Product Information
SLU-PP-332 possesses clear chemical identifiers and physicochemical properties, fundamental attributes essential for its application in scientific research experiments. Its core chemical information is as follows: CAS number 303760-60-3, molecular formula C₁₈H₁₄N₂O₂, molecular weight 290.32. Physically, this product is a white to off-white solid powder, facilitating weighing and dissolution in experiments.
Regarding physicochemical properties, SLU-PP-332 has a predicted density of 1.20±0.1 g/cm³ and an acidity coefficient (pKa) of 8.44±0.15. These parameters provide a reference for optimizing its dissolution and reaction conditions in different experimental systems. Solubility is a key characteristic of scientific reagents. This compound exhibits good solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), reaching 2 mg/mL under warm conditions to form a clear solution. This characteristic allows it to be successfully applied in cell experiments and in vitro biochemical reaction systems. Regarding storage conditions, to ensure its activity and stability, it must be stored in a sealed environment at a low temperature of 2-8℃ to avoid damage to its structure caused by light, high temperature, and humidity, which would affect experimental results.
II. Core Mechanism of Action
The core mechanism of action of SLU-PP-332 lies in its role as a pan-estrogen receptor-associated receptor (ERR) agonist. It specifically binds to and activates three subtypes of the ERR family: ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ, exhibiting differentiated affinities for different subtypes. The highest affinity is for ERRα, with an EC₅₀ value of only 98 nM, while the EC₅₀ values for ERRβ and ERRγ are 230 nM and 430 nM, respectively. ERR family receptors are important members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, widely involved in key physiological processes such as energy metabolism, mitochondrial function regulation, and muscle development. Their activation state directly affects the expression of a series of downstream functional genes.
Specifically, after SLU-PP-332 binds to the ERR receptor, it synergistically interacts with coactivators such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) to upregulate the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby enhancing mitochondrial function and cellular respiration efficiency. As the cell's "energy factory," improved mitochondrial function significantly enhances cellular energy metabolism and promotes the formation of type IIa oxidative skeletal muscle fibers. These fibers possess high oxidative metabolic capacity, effectively enhancing exercise tolerance and endurance. Furthermore, this pathway can regulate the expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation and glucose metabolism, achieving precise control over metabolic homeostasis, which is the core reason for its significant value in metabolic disease research.
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III. Key Bioactivity Data
The bioactivity of SLU-PP-332 has been fully validated through numerous in vitro cell experiments, providing solid data support for its scientific research applications.
In in vitro experiments, using C2C12 muscle cells as a research model, treatment of cells with SLU-PP-332 at concentrations ranging from 0-5 μM for 24 hours significantly upregulated the expression levels of ERR target genes, with a marked increase in the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4). Simultaneously, it induced mitochondrial biogenesis in proliferating C2C12 cells, significantly enhancing mitochondrial respiratory function. This result directly demonstrates its activity in regulating energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in muscle cells, providing in vitro experimental evidence for its "motor simulation" functional characteristics.
IV. Main Application Prospects
Based on its clear mechanism of action and excellent bioactivity, SLU-PP-332 shows broad application prospects in multiple research fields, especially in metabolic disease research, muscle function regulation, and the exploration of aging mechanisms, where it has irreplaceable value.
In the field of metabolic disease research, SLU-PP-332 can serve as a core research tool for exploring the pathological mechanisms of metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Its properties of improving insulin sensitivity, promoting lipid oxidation, and regulating glucose metabolism provide important target validation and pathway references for developing novel therapeutic products for these diseases. For example, in diet-induced obesity model studies, this compound can be used to verify the effects of ERR agonists on metabolic disorders, providing preclinical data support for product development.
In the field of muscle function regulation, because it can mimic aerobic exercise signals, enhance mitochondrial function, increase the proportion of oxidized skeletal muscle fibers, and improve exercise tolerance, it can be used in exercise physiology research to explore the molecular mechanisms of improved muscle endurance. Simultaneously, for muscle function decline caused by disease, aging, or limited exercise capacity, SLU-PP-332 provides an important tool for research on related intervention strategies, and is expected to offer new insights into diseases such as muscle atrophy and sarcopenia.
In aging-related research, its properties of reversing mitochondrial dysfunction and reducing inflammation levels make it applicable to the exploration of aging mechanisms, particularly in the study of organ aging (such as kidney aging) and age-related metabolic decline. Furthermore, research has shown that it may participate in circadian rhythm regulation and neuroinflammation suppression, providing a potential direction for research on neurodegenerative diseases.
Conclusion
SLU-PP-332, a highly specific pan-ERR agonist, has become a core research tool in fields such as metabolic diseases, muscle function regulation, and aging mechanisms due to its well-defined mechanism of action, excellent biological activity, and broad application prospects. Its high purity, diverse specifications, and stable supply provide reliable experimental support for researchers worldwide. As research continues to deepen, the value of SLU-PP-332 in discovering novel product targets and exploring disease intervention strategies will become even more prominent, bringing new breakthroughs to the research and treatment of related diseases.
As a provider of premium SLU-PP-332 CAS 303760-60-3, Xi'an Faithful BioTech Co., Ltd. leverages state-of-the-art production technology and rigorous quality assurance to meet international pharmaceutical requirements. Our dedication to superior quality, cost-effective pricing, and tailored technical support has made us the preferred collaborator for healthcare professionals and researchers worldwide. To obtain detailed specifications and application guidance for our SLU-PP-332 Powder, contact our technical team at sales4@faithfulbio.com and explore how our offerings can enhance your product formulations.