MSC-Exos exert various biological functions by carrying bioactive molecules that affect the signaling and gene expression of receptor cells. MiRNAs and mRNAs in extracellular vesicles can be absorbed and regulated by receptor cells through intercellular RNA transmission. In addition, proteins and lipids in extracellular vesicles also participate in intercellular interactions, regulating processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. MSC Exos, as an important paracrine pathway of MSCs, play a crucial role in tissue repair and regeneration, immune regulation, neuroprotection and regeneration, cardiovascular disease treatment, and tumor treatment.
I. Study on the mechanism of action
1. Anti-oxidative stress: The exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells contain a variety of antioxidant enzymes and factors, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which can effectively remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, reduce oxidative stress damage, and thus delay skin aging.
2. Regulating cell signaling pathways: MSC-Exo can regulate various signaling pathways in skin cells, such as PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway, through its miRNA, protein and other components, so as to promote the proliferation, differentiation and survival of skin cells and improve skin aging. For example, it was found that the exosomes derived from epidermal stem cells (EpiSC-EVs) inhibited the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway through the Mir-203a-3p/PIK3C axis, promoted the dedifferentiation of scar fibroblasts and reduced scar formation.
3. Promote collagen synthesis: MSC-Exo can promote skin fibroblasts to synthesize collagen through various mechanisms, and increase skin elasticity and firmness. On the one hand, its growth factors such as TGF-β and IGF-1 can directly stimulate fibroblasts to synthesize collagen; On the other hand, miRNA in exosomes can also promote collagen synthesis by regulating gene expression.
II clinical study
1. Anti wrinkle effect: Multiple clinical studies have shown that MSC Exo has significant anti wrinkle effects. By applying it topically, MSC Exo can reduce the depth and area of skin wrinkles, making the skin smoother and more delicate. For example, a study found that after treatment with MSC Exo, subjects' facial wrinkles significantly decreased and skin elasticity significantly improved within 12 weeks.
2. Improve skin laxity: MSC Exo can stimulate the regeneration of collagen and elastic fibers in the deep layers of the skin, thereby improving the phenomenon of skin laxity and sagging, and restoring skin firmness.
3. Treatment of skin injuries: MSC Exo not only performs well in anti-aging, but also accelerates the healing of skin injuries. The various growth factors and cytokines carried by it can promote the proliferation and migration of skin cells, shorten wound healing time, and reduce scar formation.
III preclinical study
1. Effect validation in animal models
Diabetes mouse model: human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exocrine body (hBMSC Exo) can accelerate skin wound healing and reduce inflammatory reaction by activating PTEN/AKT pathway.
Rat skin burn model: Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the TGF - β 2/Smad3 pathway through miR-29a, significantly reducing scar formation.
UV induced aging model: MSC Exo can reverse the aging phenotype of fibroblasts and restore collagen secretion ability.
2. In vitro experimental results
MSC Exo derived from human umbilical cord can promote the migration of keratinocytes and accelerate epidermal regeneration.
Extracellular vesicles derived from iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cells) activate endothelial cell angiogenesis pathways (such as Wnt4/β - catenin), promoting skin angiogenesis.
IV. Clinical application research data
1. Improve skin photoaging:
A study found that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (ADSC-Exo) can significantly improve skin photoaging. In this study, ADSC-Exo can reduce the oxidative stress damage induced by ultraviolet rays by regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes in cells, thus reducing skin wrinkles and pigmentation.
Another study showed that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (UC-MSC-Exo) can significantly improve the collagen synthesis ability of skin fibroblasts and reduce photoaging induced by ultraviolet B(UVB) in vitro.
2. Promote skin regeneration and repair:
Clinical trials show that local application of UC-MSC-Exo can significantly accelerate skin wound healing and reduce scar formation. In a mouse model study, the wound healing time of UC-MSC-Exo treatment was about 30% shorter than that of the control group, and the collagen arrangement of new tissues was more regular.
In a clinical study on photoaging of skin, the skin elasticity was significantly improved, the wrinkle depth was reduced and the overall appearance of skin was improved after the subjects used UC-MSC-Exo external preparation.
3. Safety and tolerance:
Many clinical studies have shown that MSC-Exo has good safety and tolerance in skin application. In a study of Central University Medical College in Seoul, South Korea, 28 participants received exosomes combined with micro-acupuncture to treat facial skin aging. The results showed that wrinkles, pigmentation, skin elasticity and other indicators were significantly improved, and no serious adverse events occurred.
V. New findings and trends
Development of new MSC-Exo: Researchers are exploring extracting exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells from different sources to develop more efficient and safer anti-aging products. For example, exosomes extracted from mesenchymal stem cells such as umbilical cord blood and placenta have higher activity and better biocompatibility.
Combination therapy strategy: In order to further improve the anti-aging effect, researchers are exploring the combination of MSC-Exo and other anti-aging methods. For example, MSC-Exo is combined with physical therapy such as laser therapy and micro-needle therapy, or with nutritional supplements such as antioxidants and vitamins to achieve synergistic anti-aging effects.
Personalized treatment scheme: With the in-depth understanding of the mechanism of skin aging, personalized treatment scheme has gradually become a research hotspot. By detecting the characteristics of individual skin gene expression, cell metabolism and so on, a targeted MSC-Exo treatment scheme is formulated to improve the treatment effect.
The research on exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells in the field of skin aging has made remarkable progress, which plays an anti-aging role through various mechanisms and shows good results and prospects in clinical application. However, it is still necessary to further study its mechanism of action and optimize the extraction and application methods to promote the wide application of MSC-Exo in the field of skin anti-aging.
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