What is the extract of South African drunk eggplant?

Ashwagandha, also known as Indian ginseng, sleeping eggplant, or winter cherry, is an adaptogen

The term adaptogen applies to herbs containing plant nutrients, which can regulate metabolism and normalize system function when the body is disturbed by physiological or mental stress, develop resistance to such stress, and elevate body functions to higher levels. Similar plants include maca, ginseng, Acanthopanax senticosus, Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, etc

What are the benefits of South African ginseng/Indian ginseng in empirical medicine? Are there any side effects or contraindications? Please refer to the analysis in the text for details

1. What is withania somnifera/Indian Ginseng?

Withania somnifera, a common medicinal plant in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for 3,000 years, has been used as a tonic "rasayana" in Ayurvedic medicine.

Ashwagandha means "the smell of horses" in Sanskrit, which may come from the smell of its roots. The species name somnifera means "sleep induction" in Latin.

Withania somnifera/Indian ginseng contains a variety of plant active ingredients, including withanolides, saponins, alkaloids and amino acids, and its potential pharmacological effects include: anti-anxiety, blood pressure lowering, sedation, immunomodulation, analgesia, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidation.

2. What are the empirical effects (benefits) of withania somnifera's recommendation?

Step 1 relieve stress
Stress is a general term, which is defined as the nonspecific response of the body to any change. It can make people feel nervous, anxious or unable to make a comprehensive and normal response to environmental needs.

Long-term stress will make people's mental and physical state unbalanced, which will lead to other diseases, such as depression, hypertension, heart disease and metabolic disorder.

A systematic literature review and Meta-Analysis (including 12 randomized controlled trials with a total of 1002 participants) indicated that withania somnifera/Indian ginseng extract supplements significantly reduced anxiety and stress levels compared with placebo.

Conclusion: withania somnifera/Indian ginseng may be helpful to relieve stress, but it needs further verification due to the low quality of existing evidence.

Step 2 Good sleep problems
In recent years, Insomnia is a common disease that affects a large number of people and harms health. The clinical feature is that it is difficult to fall asleep or maintain sleep or both, and the daily function is impaired.

The clinical standard of insomnia is that the average sleep latency is more than 30 minutes, the sleep efficiency is less than 85%, and the total sleep time is less than 6.5 hours, which will lead to fatigue, energy exhaustion, inattention and irritability.

A systematic literature review and Meta-Analysis (including 5 randomized controlled trials with 400 participants) pointed out that compared with placebo, withania somnifera/Indian ginseng extract has clinical beneficial effects in improving sleep (measured by sleep quality scale, sleep latency, total sleep time, wake-up time after sleep and sleep efficiency).
In addition, subgroup analysis showed that the related improvement effect was more significant in adults who were diagnosed as insomnia, treated with a daily dose of ≥600 mg and treated for ≥8 weeks.

Conclusion: withania somnifera/Indian ginseng extract may be helpful to improve sleep problems, but limited by the small sample size, more research is needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of long-term use.

Step 3 It is beneficial to male infertility
Infertility is defined as a couple who can't get pregnant after 12 months of unprotected regular sexual intercourse. It is estimated that 10% to 15% of couples suffer from infertility. Almost half of these cases are related to male factors, but 15% to 24% of the causes cannot be explained.

Most male infertility is caused by low sperm concentration and decreased vitality. Changes in spermatogenesis events may lead to immature or abnormal sperm release during ejaculation. Although the total number of sperm is within the normal range, these individuals may be infertile due to a large number of unsuitable sperm.

A systematic literature review and Meta-Analysis (including 4 observational trials and 1 randomized controlled trial) pointed out that compared with placebo, withania somnifera/Indian ginseng extract can significantly improve semen parameters (sperm concentration, semen volume, sperm motility), hormone profile, seminal plasma oxidation biomarkers and antioxidant vitamins, semen metal ion concentration and other biochemical measurements.

Conclusion: For male infertility, the data evaluation using withania somnifera/Indian ginseng extract is encouraging, but limited by the small number of qualified studies, it still needs further verification.

Step 4 Improve physical performance
Physical performance test can evaluate physical performance and can be classified into one of two categories: basic ability test and work simulation.

Basic ability test evaluates an individual's physical ability, including muscle strength and flexibility. Tests such as sit-ups (muscle endurance), step test (aerobic capacity), arm strength measurement (muscle endurance) and sitting posture stretching (flexibility) are basic ability tests.

Job simulation requires individuals to perform simulated job tasks or components, and may require equipment or tools used at work.

A systematic literature review and Meta-Analysis (including 12 studies with 615 healthy adults) indicated that withania somnifera/Indian ginseng supplements could improve strength/explosive force, cardiopulmonary health and fatigue/recovery related variables compared with placebo.

Conclusion: withania somnifera/Indian ginseng may be helpful to improve physical performance, but limited by the small sample size, more research is needed for further verification.

Step 5 Useful obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disturbing mental symptom, which affects about 1% to 3% of the population. The average age of onset is about 19.5 years old, and it is the top ten disabling factors.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is mainly manifested in periodic and invasive thoughts or repetitive and rigid behaviors, which often leads to reduced work efficiency and seriously affects concentration and execution.

A double-blind controlled study (6 weeks, 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with SSRIs) pointed out that withania somnifera/Indian ginseng drugs can further improve the Yale-brown objective-comprehensive scale compared with drug treatment alone, and may become an option for adjuvant therapy.
The underlying mechanism is related to withania somnifera's promotion of serotonin synthesis and regulation of synaptic transmission receptors.

Conclusion: withania somnifera/Indian ginseng combined with conventional therapy may improve the therapeutic effect of obsessive-compulsive disorder, but limited by the scale of the study, it still needs to be confirmed by large-scale studies

Step 6 Improve female sexual dysfunction
Sexual satisfaction is an important part of healthy partnership, and female sexual dysfunction is often related to psychogenic manifestations, hormones and neurovascular functions. Common symptoms include lack of sexual desire (77%), loss of clitoris sensation (62.5%), vaginal dryness (37.5%), vaginal discomfort (41.6%) and orgasm disorder (49%).
A preliminary double-blind controlled study (8 weeks, 50 healthy women with sexual dysfunction) found that withania somnifera was helpful to improve the scores of psychometric scale (including orgasm, satisfaction, vaginal wetting and sexual excitement) and the number of successful sexual contacts.
The underlying mechanism may be related to reducing patients' stress and increasing testosterone (female androgen deficiency is also one of the factors of sexual dysfunction)
Conclusion: withania somnifera/Indian ginseng may improve some female sexual dysfunction, but it is limited by the research scale and needs to be confirmed by large-scale research.

Step 7 beneficial anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorder is mainly defined as excessive worry, disgust and fear of things in the environment. It is estimated that the prevalence rate of men is about 19.2% and that of women is 30.5%. Common types of anxiety include panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress syndrome.

It is found in animal experiments that withania somnifera and drugs have similar anti-anxiety and emotional stability effects.

A systematic review (including 5 randomized controlled trials) pointed out that compared with various control groups (including placebo and psychotherapy), withania somnifera can significantly improve the values of anxiety and stress scale.
Conclusion: withania somnifera/Indian ginseng may bring positive help to anxiety disorder, but some literatures are full of potential errors and heterogeneity, so they still have reservations about the results, which need to be further verified by more large-scale experiments.

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